IMAGES THAT
AMUSE
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manuals
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E.G.Lutz, Practical Graphic Figures, The Technical
Side of Drawing for Cartoons and Fashions, Batsford, London, 1925.
I. Graphic Figure Pictures and
the Various Manners of rendering in Making Them. II. Figure
Drawing Without the Use of Models. III Figure Drawing
Without the Use of Models (Continued) with special attention
to the Female Fashion Figure. IV. Drawing Heads and Faces.
V. Parts of the Head and Face. VI. Physiognomy and Drawing.
VII. Expressions. VIII Character Drawing, Caricature, and
Extreme Caricature. IX The Funny People of the Comic
Artist's World. X. Comic Pictures of Everyday Life. XI.
Political, Topical and Timely Cartoons.
p.184 . "Besides
giving hints for drawing, stress has been put, in certain
parts of the book, upon the helpfulness of observation with
a storing in the mind of the facts of the visual world. This
involves thinking and brought out that it isn't all just
drawing in pictorial art processes It is not a mere
regarding of the subject by the eye and the mechanical
copying of what it visions. And in picturing from memory
there must be, with the actual employment by the hands of
pencil, crayon or brush, thought and a clear visualisation
of that which the thought and hand are trying to
create."
R.Taylor, Introduction to Cartooning, Watson-Guptill, New York, 1947.
Talent and Training, The Basis
of Drawing, Figures, Heads, Hands and Figure Details, Action
and Expression, Composition, Humor, Style, Techniques,
Marketing, Perspective, Historical Background, Tips and
Books, Conclusion. R.Taylor was a regular cartoonist in the
United States, particularly associated with The New Yorker
and esquire.
"My book is not
intended to be a 'course in cartooning' and does not contain
a set of lessons. Instead, it attempts to outline a plan of
study - something to be kept at the elbow to steer
by."
L.A.Doust, A Manual on Caricature and Cartoon
Drawing, Warne,
London, 1936, [1942]. What is
a caricature ?, Movements in Features, Age, Shapes of Head,
Shapes of Features, Accessories, Character, Enlargements,
"Ultra-Comics", Strip Cartoons, Cartoons, Modern Outlook of
Caricature, The Uses of Crayon and Half Tone
John Adkins Richardson, The Complete Book of
Cartooning,
Prentice-Hall. New Jersey, 1977. Drawing, Talent, this book and others;
Caricature and Characterisation. Whole Figures and Half
Animals; Tools and Techniques; Single Panel and Limited
Sequence Cartoons; The Graphic Story (nee 'Comic Strip");
Graphic Stories in Book Form; Getting Published; Glossary;
Bibliography (Comics, Fanzines, Graphic Production, Drawing
Books; Markets; Professional Journals; Organisations that
publish; Animated Cartoons for Motion Pictures).
Louis Valentine, How To Be a Lightning
Cartoonist,
W.Foulsham, London, undated, c1952. PART ONE Materials;Equipment for Cabaret,
Paper, Other Surfaces; Chalks; Beginning; First Performance;
Musical Accomplishment;Lighting Dress. PART TWO Caricature;
Sketching Members of the Audience; Actual Caricatures; Faces
from the Alphabet; Faces from Numbers; Going over what we
have learnt so far. PART THREE Landscape; Illustrating
Songs; Sketching ~Children; Entertaining Children. PART FOUR
Serious Presentation for the Lightning Cartoonist; Patter;
Engagements; Music Hall; General Hints.
David Low, Ye Madde Designer, London The Studio, 1935, and a series of chapters about various
aspects of 'personal caricature' with a history of art from
Hogarth to Max Beerbohm. Recommended for its pictorial
sequences drawn by Low exploring the range of possible
distortion of face and accessory.
"When I am a
cartoonist expressing ideas I am often moved by anger or by
pity; but when I am a caricaturist I am a student with a
specimen. My interest is purely artistic."p13.
FOUGASSE, The Good-Tempered Pencil, Max Reinhardt, London 1956.
Introductory; Humour (Bad);
Humour (Good); Humour (Still Better); Humour (Practical);
Pictorial Humour (Yesterday's); Pictorial Humour Today's);
Pictorial Humour (Tomorrow's); The Pictorial Humourist. `
Kenneth Bird then
concludes with a valuable critique of a batch of drawings by
other artists asking, "what are the main factors to look
for...?"
"There are two things
that no humourist in his senses would willingly attempt; one
is to define humour in general, and the other is to explain
the point of individual bits of it.And so, having started
the book with the first, I may as well end it with the
second...."
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psychology of laughter
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Norman L.Holland, LAUGHING, A Psychology of
Humor, Cornell
Univ.Press, Ithaca and London 1982. PART 1 Why do We laugh ? The Comic;
Stimuli, Conditions;Psychology; Phsysiology; Catharsis. PART
2 Theorists Theorising; Laughers Laughing; Identity; Why
Ellen Laughed; Why the Restof Us Laughed. Bibliography of
Theories of Humour.
George Meredith, An Essay on Comedy (The Idea of Comedy and
the Uses of the Comic) a paper originally read to the London
Institution in 1877 and available in several recent
editions. See also Meredith's redrafting of the essay as
presented as the preface to The Egoist (1879).
"You see Folly
perpetually sliding into new shapes in a society possessed
of wealth and leisure, with many whims, many strange
ailments and strange doctors...." Sypher pp.32-3
Henri Bergson, Laughter, published in 1900 and read as a lecture
Le Rire: de quoi
rit-on ? pourquoi rit-on ? in 1884. The
essay begins
"What does laughter
mean ? What is the basic element of the laughable ? What
common ground can we find between the grimace of the
merry-andrew, a play upon words, an equivocal situation in a
burlesque and as scene of high comedy ?"
Bergson and Meredith as found in Wylie Sypher's
edition, Doubleday Anchor, 1956 with Sypher's Essay, The Meaning of Comedy (Our New Sense of the Comic; The Ancient
Rites of Comedy; The Guises of the Comic hero; The Social
Meanings of Comedy.
V.K.K.Menon, A Theory of Laughter with special relation
to Comedy and Tragedy, George Allen and Unwin, London 1931.
T.R.Schultz, "Order and processing in humour
appreciation", Canadian Journal of
Psychology, 1974
pp.409 -420. Quoted in Michael W.Eysenck, The Blackwell
Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology, Blackwell, Oxford,
1990.
T.Chapman and H.C.Foot (eds.), Humour and Laughter: Theory
Research and Applications, Wiley, London, 1976.
The Visual Telling of
Stories lecture on
Humour
The Visual
Telling of Stories
chronology of humourous illustration.
Sigmund Freud, Jokes and their Relation to the
Unconscious,
published first in 1905.
Stephen Potter, Sense of Humour, Max Reinhardt, London , 1954.
Ernst Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in
Art, Schoken
Books, New York 1964 [1952]Part Three, THE COMIC, The Psychology of
Caricature,;The Principles of Caricature (with
E.H.Gombrich); Ego Development and the Comic; Laughter as an
Expressive Process (Contributions to the Psychoanalysis of
Expressive behaviour).
E.H.Gombrich, Meditations on a Hobby Horse, Phaidon London 1963, "The Cartoonist's Armoury", Figures of
Speech, Condensation and Comparison, Portrait Caricature,
The Political Bestiary, Natural Metaphors, The Power of
Contrast.
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surveys
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FOUGASSE (Kenneth Bird), The Good-Tempered Pencil, Max Reinhardt, London 1956.
Introductory; Humour (Bad);
Humour (Good); Humour (Still Better); Humour (Practical);
Pictorial Humour (Yesterday's); Pictorial Humour Today's);
Pictorial Humour (Tomorrow's); The Pictorial Humourist.
` Kenneth Bird then concludes with a valuable
critique of a batch of drawings by other artists asking,
"what are the main factors to look for...?"
"There are two things that no
humourist in his senses would willingly attempt; one is to
define humour in general, and the other is to explain the
point of individual bits of it.And so, having started the
book with the first, I may as well end it with
Frances Klingender, Hogarth and English
Caricature,
Transatlantic, London 1946 [1944]. Introduction. Sources - Medieval satire.
The heritage of Bosch and Breughel. Baroque Art. The
Aesthetic range of the Hogarth Tradition The Moral basis of
Hogarth's Art.
Lee Siegel, Laughing Matters, Comic Tradition
in India, the University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
1987.
Siegel's contents list.
Vincent Carretta, George III and the Satirists from Hogarth
to Byron,
University of Georgia Press, Athens and London 1990.
Diana Donald, The Age of Caricature. Satirical Prints in
the Reign of George III, Yale University Press, for Paul Mellon
Centre, New Haven, 1996.. Introduction, the Laughing Audience. 1.
"The Miserable Tribe of Party Etchers" 2. Wit and Emblem:
The Language of Political Prints 3. "Struggles for
Happiness": The Fashionable World. 4. The Crowd in
Caricature: "A Picture of England" ? 5. "John Bull bother'd:
The French Revolution and the Propaganda War of the 1790's.
Epilogue, Peterloo and the End of the Georgian Tradition in
Satire.
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auto/
biographies
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David Low, Autobiography, Michael Jospeh London 1956.
James Thorpe, Happy Days, Recollections of an Unrepentant
Victorian,
Gerald Howe, London 1933. The
author studied at Heatherley's Art School from 1897,
attended the Langham Sketching Club, establishing a
freelance career, theatrical and political illustrations,
experiences in the First World War, visit to America,
working for PUNCH. Observations on the Art Director, the
range of publications then.
"One of the penalties
of doing humorous drawings, or even illsurations with
humorous lines beneath them, is that one is constantly
receiving suggestions for subjects and methods of
treatment."
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periodicals
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UK -
PUNCH, JUDY
US
THE NEW YORKER
GERMANY
DIE SIMPLICISSIMUS
FRANCE
L'ASSIETTE AU BEURRE
USSR-
KROKODIL
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high
art
low
art
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Kirk Varnedoe, Adam Kopnik, HIGH & LOW Modern Art and
Popular Culture,
The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1991 see sections on CARICATURE (Leonardo, Klee,
Daumier, Picasso, Magritte Brancusi, Dubuffet) and COMICS (
Toppfer, Grandville Tenniel, Luks, Winsor McCay Bud Fischer,
Feininger, George Heriman - Jasper Johns, Saul Steinberg,
Warhol, Lichtenstein Oldenberg, Guston, Crum).
Ralph Shikes and Steven Heller, The Art of Satire, Painters as
Caricaturists and cartoonists from Delacroix to
Picasso, Pratt
Graphics Centre, Horizon Press, 1984. Delacroix, Puvis, Pissarro, Monet, Manet,
Gauguin, Forain, Luce, Anquetin, Signac, Lautrec, Valloton,
Kupka, Villon, van Dongen, Marcoussis, Picasso, Gris,
Landseer, Rossetti. Millais, Burne-Jones, Tissot, Crane,
Sickert, Feiniger, Pascin, Grosz, Sloan, Bellows, Stuart
Davis, Reginald Marsh, Shahn, Ad Reinhardt.
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themes
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Lewis P.Curtis Jr., Apes and Angels. The Irishman in Victorian
Caricature,
David & Charles, Newton Abbott, 1971. I Physiognomy: Ancient and Modern. II. The
Ethnology of Irish Celts. III. Victorian Comic Art. IV.
Siminaising the Irish Celt. V. Irish-American Apes. VI.
Irish Angels. VII Fenian Physiognomies. VIII The
Cartoonists' Context.
Diane Atkinson, funny girls: Cartooning for
Equality,
Penguin, London, 1997. I.
Politics and Power. 2. Work. III. Sharing the Caring.
Excellent bibliography of the visual aspects of women's
issues, and mentions Posy Simmonds, Jacky Fleming, Paula
Youens and Christine Roche as responding to sexist
stereotypes.
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physiognomy
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Mary Cowling, The artist as anthropologist, The
representation of type and character in Victorian
Art, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1989. 1. Physiognomy: the literal view. 2. The
rules of Physiognomy and their application to the Victorian
Age. 3. Physiognomy and the Artist. 4. Physiognomy, art and
the social classes. 5. The artist as anthropologist. 6. The
Derby Day and Railway Station (W.P.Frith) specimens from the
crowd.
Judith Wechsler, A Human Comedy, Physiognomy and Caricature
in 19th century Paris, Thames and Hudson, London 1982.
I. Parisian Panorama: codes
and classifications. II. Deburau and the Theatre des
Funambules: The literary marionettes. III. Caricatures:
newspapers and politics. IV. Henri Monnier: Jospeh
Prudhomme. V. Honore Daumier: strategy and style.
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literary
aspects
of
comedy
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general
many of the
aspects of literary comic have implications for the
Visual.
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Matthew Hodgart, Satire, World University Library, Weidenfeld and
Nicholson, London 1969. Origins and Principles;The topics of satire
: politics; The topics of satire:women; Techniques of
satire; Forms of Satire; Satire in Drama; Satire in the
Novel.
a
list of literary terms re COMIC
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Nonsense
verse and prose
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Noel Malcolm, The Origins of English
Nonsense, Harper
Collins London 1997, contents...
I The origins and
development of English seventeenth century nonsense poetry.
II Fustian, bombast and satire - the stylistic
pre-conditions of English seventeenth century nonsense
poetry. III. A short history of nonesense poetry in medieval
and Renaissance Europe. IV The sources and resources of
nonsense: literary conventions, parodic forms and related
genres. POEMS by John Hoskyns, Henry Peacham, John Sanford,
John Taylor , Martin Parker, etc
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